It’s a pretty complex series of answers, to be fair and, as with most serious issues, cannot be be solved by saying ‘vaccinated good, not vaccinated bad’.
Generally, the poorer and less well educated you are, the more likely you will be ‘vaccine hesitant‘. That and ethnicity are the major drivers for it. Being Black and being poor (don’t trust vaccines) makes you highly unlikely to take the vaccine, as does being from a South Asian heritage (Pakistan and Bangladesh) and/or identifying as Muslim (far more worried about vaccine side effects).
Another factor is sex, in that women are more likely to be vaccine hesitant and that’s likely wrapped up in worries about fertility and pregnancy.
This follows a historical trend in the UK of lower uptake of pneumococcal, influenza, rotavirus, and shingles vaccines among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals and ethnic minorities.
Stated causes of low confidence is Covid vaccines are:
- Socioeconomic and healthcare inequalities and inequities
- Structural racism and previously unethical research involving some ethnic minority groups
- Social disadvantages including lower levels of education and poor access to accurate information
- Lack of effective public health messages or targeted campaigns
- Barriers to access, including vaccine delivery time, location, and cost related to socioeconomic inequalities and marginalisation
Stated reasons for not taking up the offer of vaccination are:
- Concerns about long term effects, side effects, and unknown future effects on health
- Previous side effects to other routine vaccines such as influenza vaccine
- Low confidence in vaccines, including their importance, safety, and efficacy
- Lack of trust in the manufacturing and country of production of vaccines, vaccine technology, the pharmaceutical industry, government, and public health bodies
- Concerns about the speed of development of covid-19 vaccines
- Concerns about vaccines’ incompatibility with religious beliefs
- Previously negative experiences of healthcare, including racial discrimination
- Lower risk and perception of lower risk of covid-19 (especially among younger age groups)
- Lack of communication from trusted providers and community leaders
- Practical concerns such as inconvenient vaccine delivery time and location
- Not offered vaccine because of inaccurate patient contact information
- Apprehensions surrounding fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding
- Belief in Social Media as a source of news, such as covid-19 not being real, or that vaccines modify DNA
- Recent covid-19 infection
What I would say though, is that Andrew Wakefield has a lot more to answer for than idiots like Corbin and I hope he struggles to sleep at night (although I very much doubt it).