On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon declared that the United States would no longer honour its promise to exchange US dollars held by foreign central banks for gold at a fixed price of $35 an ounce. The innocuous term ‘Nixon closed the gold window’ that is now widely used to describe this act does not quite convey its significance. (Was something to be stopped from going out or from coming in through the window? Can the window be reopened again?)
What Nixon did was cut the last remaining official link between the world’s leading reserve currency and gold and thus remove the last constraint on fiat money creation.
Was this a big deal? – It was very big deal. In fact, we are only now beginning to realize the full consequences of it. In fact, the present crisis is nothing but the endgame of this system, or non-system, of this, mankind’s latest and so far most ambitious, experiment with unrestricted fiat money. The first truly global paper standard.
Nixon knew that it was big. On TV that day he felt compelled to reassure the American public that this was only temporary and that the purchasing power of the dollar was secure. Forty-one years later we are still on the same system (or non-system), and the dollar has lost eighty percent of its purchasing power.
But, the mainstream economists, who weren’t even involved in designing this system (or non-system), as nobody designed it, it was simply the result of political opportunism — these economists today tell us that this system is great, it is to our advantage. We should be grateful for it.
Because the eighty percent drop in purchasing power quoted above, isn’t the whole story, that is only CPI, the consumer price index. For the past thirty years, a lot of the newly created money was channeled predominantly not into the markets for consumer goods but into the stock market, the bond market, the real estate market, and again the bond market. This created illusions of wealth. It also created a lot of debt, overstretched banks, a gigantic financial industry, various bubbles, and yet more debt. It did so around the world. And whenever this house of cards looks like it could come crashing down on us – we print more money!
Simple. What can go wrong?
Of course, there was also real economic progress over those forty-one years. Entrepreneurship, trade, innovation, saving, and all that old fashioned stuff that modern, enlightened economists don’t talk about any more. But on top of that real prosperity an ever thicker layer of make-believe prosperity accumulated. And our economists have adapted to this new reality – a reality created not by them, or their theories, but simply borne out of cynical political expediency – and become experts in the various techniques of governments to create illusionary prosperity and short-term growth spurts. Stimulus. Growth through low interest rates. Growth through more debt. Growth through currency debasement. Growth through fiscal policy. Growth through monetary policy.
Modern economists don’t know capitalism. They certainly don’t care about it. If the economy grows it is because of good policy, which means low interest rates and stimulus. If the economy doesn’t grow, it is because of bad policy, which means interest rates are too high (even if they are zero) or the central bank does not print enough money. Since Nixon ‘closed the gold window’, we have progressively replaced savings with cheap credit, the market with policy, and entrepreneurs and innovation with the FOMC and the G20.
Since 1971, the number and intensity of banking crises around the world has gone up markedly, according to Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, hardly anti-establishment economists. Debt levels exploded. The ten years up to the start of this crisis in July 2007 have seen house prices in the US rise ten times faster than over the previous one hundred years.
Look around the world today. Is it a coincidence that all major central banks are at zero interest rates to support bankrupt banks and bankrupt governments the world over?
Bizarrely, it is today the advocates of sound and hard money who are made to explain their atavistic ideas. — Gold standard? To establishment figures like Lord Skidelsky, the advocates of a gold anchor are like druids who dress in strange clothes and worship ancient gods – rather than, as befits the enlightened modern economist, worship at the altar of Keynes, the IMF, and big government. And ex-central banker DeAnne Julius simply knows that it would be foolish to return to a gold standard. All power to the bureaucracy!
What I find fascinating is how many intelligent people are willing, even feel urged, to provide intellectual support for a system that is not the result of intellectual discourse but came about – rather non-intellectually – through sheer power politics, opportunism and hubris, and that is evidently failing. Our financial system (or non-system) offers a great example of Nietzsche’s dictum that investigating the true origin and the true motivation behind things most often leads to surprising results. The purpose and the clever design that most people later believe to be behind various institutions are often only projected onto them with hindsight.
Even more bizarre is the willingness to absolve the political class of their responsibility for the disaster they have inflicted on us, and to even look to the political class to now save us from this ever-growing mess. There is something disturbing and sickening about the pathetic reverence of commentators, analysts and economists for the policy bureaucracy, the central bankers, the G20, the finance ministers; how every word they say is scrutinized for any hint of another clever scheme, another policy initiative that could make all our past mistakes go away and that could make the status quo operable again. “The weak labour market could force the Fed into action,” as if the Fed had the key to the solution in some drawer, as if all that was needed now was another round of QE, another rate cut, another twisty price manipulation.
I wonder if forty years of paper money have made the politicians bolder and the economists dumber. But maybe at this stage they are both simply getting more desperate.
And nothing is more dangerous to your personal and material wellbeing, and your liberty, than desperate politicians. Desperate politicians think that the end justifies the means. No constraints on their ad hoc decision-making can be tolerated. Laws must be changed if they stand in the way.
On October 27, 2010, Chancellor Angela Merkel promised the German parliament that the bailout fund EFSF (European Financial Stability Facility – you couldn’t make this stuff up!) was a temporary thing. As temporary as Nixon’s closed window, one assumes. In February of 2010, Greece had already been bailed out the first time – in contravention of the no-bailout clause in European treaties. Now a bailout fund was needed. But not to worry. This is only temporary. And we know what we are doing.
Of course, as more bailouts were needed, the EFSF grew bigger. It will now be replaced with the ESM – the European Stability Mechanism, no sniggering please. And this thing is, of course, permanent. (The German Constitutional Court will rubber-stamp it soon. Not to worry.)
What do our commentators and mainstream economists have to say about it? – Great! We need a big bazooka! Merkel should do more!
EVERY law, regulation and restriction that was part of the original set-up of EMU has now been broken.
The limits on budget deficits and overall public debt limits (Maastricht Criteria)? –Ignored.
The no-bail out provision? – Ignored.
The ban on ECB buying sovereign bonds to support fiscal policy? – Circumvented with the flimsiest of excuses.
Let’s face it. There is no master plan here. The political class is losing control. There is not even a conspiracy. There is a lack of control, of direction and of design. One quick-fix after another, and every one brings us a step closer to a very nasty endgame.
For the final option is always the same, not only in the Euro Zone, where new ‘hope’ just arrived in the form of Mario Draghi’s apparent willingness to buy more government debt, but also in the US, the UK, Japan, and China: print more money.
If you have no (or little) debt, if you are a productive citizen and if you have saved a bit, you are already in the crosshairs of the policy bureaucracy. Either your property will get taxed away or inflated away. Probably both.
The biggest threat to your property and to your individual liberty does not come from markets and not even from the bankers. It comes from politics.
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