As I have said before, the fundamental problem is the FPTP voting system. This forces anyone who wants political power to join one of two broad coalitions, commonly known as 'The Conservative Party' and 'The Labour Party'.
The current problems within the Tory Party arise from its deep divisions. Among other identifiable types within it are 'One Nation' paternalists, libertarians, UKIP types, and those who are more or less fascists. It's unsustainable. It should split into two or three parties, but if it did, not one of those parties would have a hope of being elected under our bent system. Indeed, they would be fortunate to win a seat. It is a hopeless recipe for stable government, these various groups being forced under one banner. It's rather like us having a supporters club that takes in City, Rags, Redscouse, Arsenal, and Hampshire Cricket Club. Beyond absurd.
Labour is no different in essence, except that Starmer is currently enforcing a sterile 'unity' and throwing out anyone who dares dissent.