If the link led onto it silently installing something (on older Android and Apple OS's), then it could potentially hijack a Banking App in pre or even mid use.
ie It forces starting the 'fake' Banking App, that directly runs the real 'Banking App' in the background.
The 'fake' scrapes the output of the 'real' App, ie you input into the 'fake' and it pushes that in to the 'real' to get you logged in (including 2 factor authentication), after that it navigates around 'automatically' as required.
It could then 'hijack' your setting up of a new recipient when you do, showing you 'fake' info, whilst creating it's own recipient, and hey presto you authorise £xxxx (the max your bank account holds or the max that can be transferred without further checks) to a different recipient the 'fake' has control of, rather than £xx to the recpient the 'fake' preented to you...
Keeping Phone OS's (and Apps) up to date is the only way forward to protect yourself on phones.. As of today's date:
For iOS: iPhone 5S or 6, you need to be on 12.5.5. Anything newer than an iPhone 6 needs to be on 15.1. Anything older than an iPhone 5S should not be used for anything which requires security/privacy.
For Android: No idea, but the updating is too fragmented to document
Edit: The same could happen on a compromised PC/Mac using browser banking