Incidentally, you can make an argument that the modern bond system was created by the means of financing the Royal Navy from the 17th century onwards. Then, as now, such capital expenditure was inordinately expensive, and the idea of shifting gold around to pay for it all was simply impossible. So an entire bureaucracy grew up around the concept of payment in turn which then became payment of the most expensive and continual finance of the least expensive - to churn the supplier base and ensure more orders. Obviously it wasn't a new concept, but it was arguably the first industrial scale exposition of the power of it all.