The amount of cars you can fit on a section of road depends upon their speed. Slower cars travel closer together so more can fit into a section. To travel 70mph cars need a certain amount of space in front and behind. If there is not enough space per car then all cars have to slow. However, under normal conditions cars slow haphazardly and change lanes which can result in knots of traffic where cars end up stopping even though there is no obstruction on the road (besides other cars). I think the logic of smart roads is to slow the traffic uniformly when the traffic density gets too high to travel at a particular speed (70mph for example). So the traffic slows but continues to flow. It makes some sort of sense, but I don't know how well it works in practice. I remember, before smart roads, noticing that traffic in 50mph roadworks zone usually moved smoothly but leaving these zones often meant snarl-ups as traffic started moving at different speeds and changing lanes.